Antianemic activity of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) Collana Negra variety and kanihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) Ramis variety seed flour in anemic rats.

The Andean grains from the Peruvian Altiplano, quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) and kanihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) have high protein content and an optimal balance of essential amino acids and minerals such as iron (19.8 mg/100 g y 17.6 mg/100 g, respectively). The objective of this research was to evaluate the antianemic activity of extruded flour from quinoa seeds variety Negra Collana and kanihua variety Ramis in anemic Holtzman strain rats. The results of the proximal analysis showed high protein content in quinoa at 22% and kanihua at 16.2%, and the acute toxicity test showed harmlessness up to the dose of 15000 mg/Kg in both flours confirmed with the anatomopathological observation of organs such as liver, stomach, lung, kidneys, and brain. In the evaluation of the antianemic activity, a basal average of 29.3 ± 0.2% of hematocrit was observed in the group of anemic rats treated with quinoa flour, and in twelve weeks, it increased to 53.8 ± 0.3% of hematocrit (p ≤ 0.05). A group of anemic rats treated with kanihua flour had a basal average of 29.5 ± 0.3%, and in twelve weeks, it increased to 51.7 ± 0.3% (p ≤ 0.05). A group of rats without anemia treated with quinoa and kanihua flour showed a basal average of 50.2 ± 0.2% and 49.3 ± 0.3%; in twelve weeks, it increased to 55.2 ± 0.2% and 54.8 ± 0.1%, respectively. It was concluded that oral administration of 360 mg/Kg every 24 h of quinoa flour and kanihua flour increased hematocrit levels by 24.5 ± 0.5% and 22.2 ± 0.3%; weight 65.8 ± 0.3 g and 59.2 ± 0.1 g; height 6.8 ± 0.1 cm and 5.7 ± 0.5 cm, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). In rats without anemia increased hematocrit levels by 5.3 ± 0.0% and 5.5 ± 0.0%; weight 37.7 ± 0.1 g and 21.7 ± 0.05 g; height 4 ± 0.0 cm and 3.9 ± 0.0 cm, respectively (p ≤ 0.05).

Mecanismos bioquímicos en el pronóstico grave de pacientes con diabetes mellitus infectados por el virus SARS-CoV-2: revisión de la literatura / Biochemical mechanisms in the severe prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus: literature review

Resumen La diabetes mellitus (DM) es una enfermedad metabólica caracterizada principalmente por signos y síntomas derivados del aumento de glucosa sérica o hiperglucemia. La pandemia por la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID- 19) afectó a todo el mundo con informes de pronóstico grave en pacientes diabéticos infectados por el virus del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo por coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) y elevada admisión hospitalaria en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) en comparación con pacientes no diabéticos. El objetivo del trabajo de revisión bibliográfica fue evaluar y describir algunos de los mecanismos bioquímicos que conducen al pronóstico grave en pacientes con DM infectados por el virus SARS-CoV-2 mediante la búsqueda sistemática de información en diferentes bases de datos. Los resultados mostraron que la elevada admisión a UCI con un pronóstico grave de pacientes diabéticos infectados por el virus fue por presentar inflamación excesiva que ocasiona síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo, tormenta de citoquinas, neumonía severa, inmunidad deteriorada e hiperglucemia. El virus ingresa a la célula principalmente por la vía endocítica y no endosómica; los receptores celulares centrales implícitos en los mecanismos son receptores de insulina (RI), transportador de glucosa tipo 2 (GLUT-2), dipeptidil-peptidasa-4 (DPP4), transportador de glucosa tipo 4 (GLUT-4), enzima convertidora de angiotensina 2 (ECA2) y el correceptor proteasa transmembrana de serina 2 (TMPRSS2) esencial para la propagación viral. La mayor susceptibilidad a desarrollar COVID- 19 en pacientes diabéticos se debe a la sobreexpresión de ECA2 y las complicaciones graves se incrementan a niveles micro y macrovascular como nefropatías, neuropatías y enfermedades cardiovasculares.

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterised mainly by signs and symptoms derived from increased serum glucose or hyperglycemia. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected the entire world continenwith reports of severe prognosis in diabetic patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and high hospital admissions in the intensive care unit (ICU) compared to non-diabetic patients. The objective of the bibliographic review was to evaluate and describe some of the biochemical mechanisms that lead to severe prognosis in patients with DM infected by the SARSCoV- 2 virus through a systematic search for information in different databases. The results showed that the high ICU admission with a severe prognosis of diabetic patients infected by the virus was due to excessive inflammation that causes acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, severe pneumonia, impaired immunity, and hyperglycemia. The virus enters the cell mainly through the endocytic and non-endosomal pathway; the central cellular receptors involved in the mechanisms are insulin receptors (IR), glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT-2), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), glucose converting enzyme angiotensin 2 (ACE2), and the serine transmembrane protease co-receptor 2 (TMPRSS2) essential for viral propagation. The increased susceptibility to developing COVID-19 in diabetic patients is due to the overexpression of ACE2, and serious complications are increased at the microvascular and macrovascular levels, such as nephropathies, neuropathies, and cardiovascular diseases.

Resumo O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença metabólica caracterizada principalmente por sinais e sintomas decorrentes do aumento de glicose sérica ou hiperglicemia. A pandemia pela doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19) afetou o mundo inteiro com relatos de prognóstico grave em pacientes diabéticos infectados pelo vírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave por coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) e altas internações hospitalares na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) em comparação com pacientes não diabéticos. O objetivo do trabalho de revisão bibliográfica foi avaliar e descrever alguns dos mecanismos bioquímicos que levam ao prognóstico grave em pacientes com DM infectados pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 por meio da busca sistemática de informações em diferentes bancos de dados. Os resultados mostraram que a alta admissão na UTI com prognóstico grave de pacientes diabéticos infectados pelo vírus foi devido à inflamação excessiva que apresentavam e que causa síndrome de desconforto respiratório agudo, tempestade de citocinas, pneumonia grave, imunidade prejudicada e hiperglicemia. O vírus entra na célula principalmente pela via endocítica e não endossômica; os receptores celulares centrais envolvidos nos mecanismos são os receptores de insulina (IR), transportador de glicose tipo 2 (GLUT-2), dipeptidil peptidase-4 (DPP4), transportador de glicose tipo 4 (GLUT-4), enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ACE2), e o co-receptor protease transmembrana de serina 2 (TMPRSS2) essencial para a propagação viral. A maior suscetibilidade ao desenvolvimento de COVID-19 em pacientes diabéticos deve-se à superexpressão de ECA2, e complicações graves aumentam nos níveis micro e macrovascular, como nefropatias, neuropatias e doenças cardiovasculares.

Antimicrobial peptides purified from hydrolysates of kanihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) seed protein fractions.

The kanihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) Andean grain from the Peruvian Altiplano presents proteins of 15% to 19%. The objective was to obtain purified bioactive antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), hydrolyzed with Alcalase and Pepsin-pancreatin sequential system of protein fractions of kanihua varieties Ramis (KR) and Cupi-Sayhua (KS), and hydrolysates with different degrees of hydrolysis (DH) and percentage inhibition (IP) of the growth of E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. To obtain AMPs, nutraceuticals, bio-preservatives, and novel ingredients in food design. The results showed 216 hydrolysates (1%, w/v), only 28 presented significant difference compared to controls (IP ≥ 45%, p ≤ 0.05), 4 AMPs were purified by chromatography, glutelins KS 4 h (1:10) stood out with DH 40% and IP 52% and 70% of S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively (p ≤ 0.05), showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 95% for E. coli (p ≤ 0.05), and presented an anionic charge. In conclusion, the simulated digestion in vitro showed higher DH (7%-67%) than Alcalase (13%-54%); the majority were extensive; of 28 hydrolysates with IP ≥ 45% 4 AMPs with important IPs were obtained, and one was anionic.

Evaluación preclínica y clínica de la actividad hipoglucemiante de Inca sayre (Argyrochosma nívea (Poir) Windham) en diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Avaliação pré-clínica e clínica da actividade hipoglicemiante de "Inca sayre" (Argyrochos-ma nívea (Poir) Windham) na diabetes mellitus Tipo 2 / Preclinical and clinical evaluation on the hypoglycemic activity of Inca sayre (Argyrochos ma nivea (Poir) Windham) in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Inca sayre (Argyrochosma nívea (Poir.) Windham, sinónimo: Notholaena nivea (Poiret) Desv.) es una Pteridaceae de la región andina del Perú usada en etnomedicina tradicional incaica. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar la evaluación preclínica y clínica de la actividad hipoglucemiante del extracto de Inca sayre en diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se realizó la evaluación preclínica de toxicidad aguda en ratones y la actividad hipoglucemiante en ratas con diabetes experimental y normoglucémicas. La evaluación clínica se efectuó en voluntarios normoglucémicos y pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Los resultados mostraron actividad hipoglucemiante del extracto tanto en evaluación preclínica como en clínica. En voluntarios normoglucémicos el extracto disminuyó la glucemia basal en un 11% (p≤0,05). En diabéticos tipo 2 redujo la glucemia basal un 9,0%, 8,2% y 6,2%, en el tercer, quinto y séptimo día, respectivamente, en relación al tratamiento con antidiabéticos orales (p≤0,05), y 21,2%, 20,4% y 18,6%, respectivamente, en relación al placebo (p≤0,05). Además, presentó mayor control metabólico de glucemia en la prueba de tolerancia a la glucosa (PTOGA)

Inca sayre" (Argyrochosma nívea (Poir.) Windham, sinônimo: Notholaena nívea (Poiret) Desv.) é uma Pteridaceae da região andina do Peru utilizada na etnomedicina tradicional inca. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a avaliação pré-clínica e clínica da actividade hipoglicemiante do extracto deste feto na Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2. Com esse objectivo, realizaram-se estudos pré-clínicos em ratinhos e efectuouse a avaliação da actividade hipoglicemiante em ratos com diabetes experimental e normoglicémicos. A avaliação clínica foi realizada em voluntários normoglicémicos e em doentes com diabetes tipo 2. Os resultados mostraram atividade hipoglicemiante do extracto tanto na avaliação pré-clínica como na clínica. Os níveis de açúcar no sangue em voluntários normoglicémicos diminuíram 11% em relação à linha de base (p≤0,05). Nos doentes com diabetes tipo 2 a redução da glicemia basal, em comparação com os antidiabéticos orais foi de 9,0%, 8,2% e 6,2% no terceiro, quinto e sétimo dia, respectivamente (p≤0,05); comparativamente com o placebo a redução verificada foi de 21,2%, 20,4% e 18,6%, no terceiro, quinto e sétimo dia, respectivamente (p≤0,05). A utilização do extracto apresentou ainda um maior controle metabólico da glicemia após a prova de tolerância à glicose oral (PTGO)

Inca sayre (Argyrochosma nívea (Poir.) Windham, synonim: Notholaena nivea (Poiret) Desv.) is a Pteridaceae of the Andean region of Peru used in Incan traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to perform the preclinical and clinical evaluation of the hypoglycemic activity of Inca sayre extract in type 2 diabetes mellitus. For this, preclinical evaluation of acute toxicity in mice, and hypoglycemic activity in normoglycemic rats and with experimentally induced diabetes was performed. Clinical evaluation was done in normoglycemic volunteers and type 2 diabetic patients. The results showed hypoglycemic activity of the extract in both preclinical and clinical evaluations. The blood sugar levels in normoglycemic volunteers decreased 11% in comparison to the baseline (p≤0.05). In type 2 diabetic patients reduced 9.0%, 8.2% and 6.2% on the third, fifth and seventh day, respectively, in relation to oral antidiabetics (p≤0.05), and 21.2%, 20.4% and 18.6%, respectively, in relation to placebo (p≤0.05). In addition, the extract produced greater metabolic control of glycaemia in glucose tolerance test (PTOGA)

Fraccionamiento y caracterización electroforética de las proteínas de la semilla de kañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) / Fractionation and electrophoretic characterization of (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) kanihua seed proteins

Kanihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) is a Chenopodiacea of the andean region, that contains between 15 and 19% protein, with essential amino acids. The objective of the study was to fractionate and electrophoretically characterize the proteins of kanihua seed varieties Cupi-Sayhua and Ramis. In the whole meal, the proximal analysis and fractionation were performed, and the flour was fractionated by five techniques according to Osborne solubility to obtain albumins, globulins, prolamins andglutelins. The methodology, solvents and extraction time were optimized; and the electrophoretic profiles of the fractions were identified. The highest protein content (p≤ 0.05) was of kanihua flour and its protein fractions, compared to kiwicha and wheat. The highest percent yield (p≤ 0.05) during 1 h of sequential extraction of the protein fractions, was obtained with the Rodriguez y et.al., technique for albumins and glutelins, and with the technique described by Barba de la Rosa y et.al., for globulins and prolamins. The following results were foundin Ramis and Cupi-Sayhua kanihua: albumins: 15.4±0.3 and 15.8±0.3%, globulins 7S: 24.1±0.5 and 26.3±1.0%, globulins 11S: 25.7±1.0 and 26.7±1.0%, prolamins: 9.6±0.1 and 9.9±0.5% and glutelins: 22.9±0.1 and 21.5±1.4%, respectively The electrophoretic profile showedpatterns similar in number of bands and differences in concentration in both varieties.

La kañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) es una Chenopodiacea de la región andina, que contiene entre 15 y 19% de proteínas, con aminoácidos esenciales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue fraccionar y caracterizar electroforéticamente las proteínas de la semilla de kañihua variedades Ramis y Cupi-Sayhua. En harina integral se realizó el análisis proximal y fraccionamiento, luego, la harina se fraccionó mediante cinco técnicas según la solubilidad de Osborne para obtener albuminas, globulinas, prolaminas y glutelinas. Se optimizó la metodología, solventes y tiempo de extracción; e identificaron los perfiles electroforéticos de las fracciones. El mayor contenido proteínico (p≤ 0,05) fue de la harina de kañihua y sus fracciones proteicas, en comparación a kiwicha y trigo. El mayor rendimiento porcentual (p≤ 0,05) durante 1 h de extracción secuencial de las fracciones proteicas, se obtuvo con la técnica de Rodríguez y et.al., para albuminas y glutelinas, y con la técnica de Barba de la Rosa y et.al., para globulinas y prolaminas. Se encontró en kañihua Ramis y Cupi-Sayhua, albúminas: 15,4±0,3 y 15,8+0,3%; globulinas: 7S 24,1±0,5 y 26,3+1,0%; globulinas 11S: 25,7+1,0 y 26,7+1,0%; prolaminas: 9,6+0,1 y 9,9+0,5% y glutelinas: 22,9+0,1 y 21,5+1,4%, respectivamente. El perfil electroforético mostró patrones similares en número de bandas y diferentes en concentración en ambas variedades.